MALE AND FEMALE – Mature pine trees are monoecious, meaning that they have both male and female reproductive structures called strobili. MALE STRODILI – The male strobili form in the bottom part of the tree, and contain microsporocytes that develop into pollen. POLLEN RELEASED – In spring, the male strobili release their pollen, which then …
Vast forests of pine trees can be found in many different regions, from the snowy mountains of North America to the open plains of Europe. These hardy evergreen trees can grow in environments that many others can’t, favouring acidic or sandy soils and rocky regions at high altitudes. When exposed to plenty of sunlight, pines …
If a ticket to Mars is a little out of your price range, then a visit to Dallol in Ethiopia might be the next best thing. The colourful landscape looks as though it belongs on another planet, with green pools of acid, strange salt formations and toxic gases spewing from the surface. The area is …
The glass used for windows typically filters out 97 per cent of the UVB rays, which can cause sunburn and skin cancer, so it’s unlikely you would get burnt unless you were exposed for a long time. However, glass is far less effective at blocking UVA radiation, eliminating just 37 per cent. UVA light causes …
The common cold is caused by a number of viruses, making it hard to tackle the infection with a vaccination or cure. Over half the cases of common colds are thought to be caused by rhinoviruses, but there are more than 100 unique variants of these, and they are constantly adapting and evolving. Attempting to …
According to water chemist Susan Richardson no proper studies have ever been conducted to answer this question. However, there are lots of possible explanations. In the UK and US, chlorine is added to drinking water to keep the public water system clean. As it comes out of the tap, it still contains traces of the …
Dark chocolate is better for you than milk chocolate, as it generally contains more of the good stuff and less of the bad stuff. In other words, it has healthy monounsaturated fatty acids, less sugar, more fibre and therefore fewer carbohydrates. It also has much more iron and magnesium, more phosphorus and potassium, less sodium …
Which Is Healthier: Dark Chocolate Or Milk Chocolate? Read More »
Research using positron emission sleep and spend longer periods awake in tomography (PET) to measure brain between dreams. In general, you will only activity has found that people who remember a dream if you wake up during tend to remember their dreams in or immediately after it finishes. And even the morning have more …
This is something that is still debated, but scientists have done some interesting experiments testing food left on various contaminated surfaces for different amounts of time. However, some of the research has not been peer reviewed (checked by other experts), so it is hard to draw firm conclusions. In general, the findings from these different …
Is There Any Scientific Truth Behind The Five-Second Rule? Read More »
Some habits are extremely beneficial; the ones that you go through as part of your morning routine before work are a good example of this. Other habits activate the pleasure centres in our brains, triggering the release of a feel good chemical called dopamine. It doesn’t distinguish whether the habit itself is good for us, …
This phenomenon is also known as sympathy vomiting. Scans of the brain have actually shown that when you see someone vomiting, your brain has the same activity as if you’re the one vomiting. You’re feeling the same disgust that they are. Scientists think that this could be the source of empathy, and may also be …
Pins and needles is a type of ‘paraesthesia’ -a word which comes from the Latin for ‘abnormal sensation’. It tends to happen when the blood supply to a nerve is temporarily reduced, like when you sit with your legs crossed for too long, or when a nerve is squashed. Nerve cells are constantly pinging signals around …
The feeling is all too familiar: a growling in the pit of your stomach that usually starts around late morning when breakfast is just a memory and lunchtime is still a tiny speck on the horizon. It’s hunger – a feeling that begins with the hormone known as ghrelin. Once your body has finished digesting …
Like all living organisms, our bodies are made up of cells – humans are built from trillions of them – and over time, many of them become old and worn and need to be replaced. To keep up with this constant wear and tear, our bodies produce millions of new cells every single second. The …
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